Gender Inequality and Patriarchy Essay - 1777 Words

Gender inequality has been an issue since long before the 1840s, when feminists finally brought the problem to light. Most ancient cultures were societies based on gender inequality, skewed towards male-dominance. Most societies are still mostly patriarchal, in fact. Patriarchy is the root of discrimination between sexes and genders and has been for a very long time. The words ‘sex’ and ‘gender’ are commonly confused with each other in regular, everyday conversations when the two have very different meanings. The term ‘sex’ refers to the biological and physiological characteristics of a person, such as male or female; ‘gender’ is a social construction that refers to masculine or feminine roles in society ( Nordqvist). For†¦show more content†¦For example, England may be ruled by a queen, but it remains a patriarchy nonetheless. The famous Egyptian queens Cleopatra and Nefertiti were also rulers of a patriarchal society. Of course, a society could, theoretically, be female-dominated and remain a patriarchy as long as the females were ‘masculine-gendered’, meaning they played the stereotypical ‘male roles’ in society. Patriarchy usually means a family that is male-dominated and headed by the father. It is a social construct in which men and masculine roles are considered to be absolutely superior to women and feminine roles. A society is considered patriarchal when it is male-dominated, male-centered, and male-identified. Being a male-dominated culture means that positions of power and authority in the political, economic, legal, religious, domestic, educational, and military spheres are usually reserved only for men. Male-identification means that a culture’s ‘normal’ way of living is based on men and their lives. Male-dominance means that the culture has been shaped by men in a way that mostly serves male interests. Patriarchal societies are male-identifi ed because their core ideals concerning what is morally right, desirable or normal are connected with how they think about masculinity or men in general. They are always male-centered, with the culture’s focus isShow MoreRelatedPatriarchy And Gender Discrimination : Women Are Socially Controlled By Male Patriarchy1019 Words   |  5 Pages There has always been a gender discrimination culturally, and historically. As a result, patriarchy has always been a major issue in history. Yet, forms of gender superiority still exist today. As seen in history, men have always been the superior gender. While females have been associated to being inferior to men. In the Feminist Theory Reader, we see the theme of male patriarchy in â€Å"Bargaining with Patriarchy†. Where Deniz Kandiyoti argues that patriarchy has always been a major issue inRead MoreThe World Of Civilization By Jean Baker Miller925 Words   |  4 Pagestraits of race, class and gender yields an equal, if n ot, a higher status of importance in our culture. Most importantly, it’s these three articles of humanity that classifies an individual’s place in the world of civilization. In an article by Jean Baker Miller, the idea of inequality among society is presented. According to him there are two types of inequality which is temporary inequality and permanent inequality. The main difference of the two is that temporary inequality enables â€Å"the journey fromRead MoreFeminism Is An Interdisciplinary Idea881 Words   |  4 Pagesinterdisciplinary idea. In sociology, feminism broadens our ideas on gender and transforms it into a major field of study. George Ritzer, in Contemporary Sociological Theory and Its Classical Roots, breaks feminist theory down into four major varieties, gender differences, gender inequality, gender oppression, and structural oppression. He then explains the different forms of feminism seen in each variety. The first variety, gender difference, describes, explains, and traces the implications of howRead MoreThe Patriarchal System Essay1749 Words   |  7 Pageswomen in intimate partner relationships. This paper argues that patriarchy and the social construction of masculinity reproduce male violence against women. The following sub-issues that that will be discussed are patriarchy, capitalism, the religion of Islam, and the construction of masculinity and femininity. All the sub-issues encompass patriarchy values which allows inmate partner violence. Patriarchy First and foremost, patriarchy is socially constructed which privileges men to dominate womenRead MoreLiberal Feminism vs. Radical Feminism Essay1490 Words   |  6 Pagesmovement and political movement is to make women and men equal not only culturally, but socially and legally. Even though there are various types of feminism that focus on different goals and issues, the ultimate end to feminism is abolishing gender inequality that has negative effects on women in our society. The issues and goals that a feminist may have are dependent on the social organization or the type of economic structure that is present. However, an ultimate end (a goal, achievement and/orRead MoreFeminism In The Necklace1068 Words   |  5 Pagestreatment of both genders. As defined by many researchers, feminism is the advocacy of equality between male and females. This concept began when people realized that the traditional roles of men and women provide a lot of injustice to women. According to Barry à ¢â‚¬Å"The women’s movement’ of the 1960s was not, of course, the start of feminism. Rather it was a renewal of an old tradition of thought and action already possessing its classic books which had diagnosed the problem of women inequality in the societyRead MoreAnalysis of Gender Inequality with a Focus on Feminist Ideas Essay804 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Gender Inequality with a Focus on Feminist Ideas The goal of this paper is to describe and analyze gender inequality, focusing on the history of feminist ideas. I will start with a basic overview of the entire feminist movement, and will then analyze feminism more specifically. In this analysis I will focus on the different types of feminism. Most notably of these types will be the main groups that consist of socialist feminists, liberal feminists, and radical feminists. I will describeRead MoreOutline and Asses the Feminist Explanations of Gender Inequalities897 Words   |  4 PagesOutline and asses the feminist explanations of gender inequalities (40) Feminists believe that women are unequal to men, and the different groups think it is down to different reasons. Liberal feminists think it is because it is down to gender role socialisation. Marxist feminists believe it is down to capitalism. Radical feminists think women are not equal to men because of relationships within the home, and black feminist think they are unequal not just because they are women, but also becauseRead MoreA Study Of Religion Through The Lens Of Mary Daly And Gayatri Spivak1371 Words   |  6 PagesRLG101 Introduction to the Study of Religion Prof. Ken Derry TA: Robbie Kennedy Masked Patriarchy and Androcentrism: Through the lens of Mary Daly and Gayatri Spivak By: Yara Raid Mahmoud Abuhudra 1001590272 October 18, 2014 Word Count: 1300 Rikza Mazhar: culture Christ The king Roman Catholic Church Yara Abuhudra: gender 3495 Confederation Parkway, Mississauga, ON L5B 3G5 Recently, I have been interested in a multitude of religions andRead MorePatriarchy And Subordination Of Women1726 Words   |  7 Pagesrace. As stated in this book, there are a number of societies discussed that were dominated by the males in the society, however, these societies are said to take account in the creation of patriarchy and the subordination of women. Why is Envisioning Women really being held accountable for the creation of patriarchy and the subordination of women? That question will be answered throughout the paper with supporting details to back it up. Although, men were the dominant factor in these societies, women

Tense and Aspect in English and Arabic Free Essays

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ministry of Higher Education King Abdual Al. Aziz University Faculty of art and humanities English department Tense and aspect in English and Arabic By Aziza Attia Al. Zharani . We will write a custom essay sample on Tense and Aspect in English and Arabic or any similar topic only for you Order Now Supervised : Dr. Salha Al. Qarni . 2011 objective methodology: Title of research : Tense and aspect in English and Arabic . Need for the study : the reasons that make to interest about the tense and aspect such as explain to definition and types in a tense and aspect in English and Arabic and structure the verb phrase in sentences in English and Arabic . The research will be includes: * Verb phrase in English . *tense and aspect in English . * Verb phrase in Arabic . *tense and aspect in Arabic . *conclusion . * bibliography. statement of the problem : tense and aspect in English and Arabic and some suggestion to solve the problem . disguise the difference in Arabic and explain the similar between two language . efinition of terms : tense :a morphological category so aorist tense means a particular form of the verb . aspect: a category used in describing how the action of a verb is marked. Verb phrase: Verb phrase consists of a verb and all the words and words groups that belong the verb and cluster around it. Hypothesis : -the research gives the students a brief glimpse of the theory and practice . -to explain the mistakes that most people felt in it ,a particular in tense and aspect and generally in much grammar. In the research try to solve some common mistakes. to study the difference structure in English and Arabic also tense and aspect . -the problem in a grammar make a problem in pronunciation and spelling so we need to treatment this point. Review of the related literature : -Abdullah ,a . Breaking The Arabic Code (verbs). The middle east . Palmwe, F . Apelican Original Grammer . 1971 . England . -Stageberg , n . An Introduction English Grammar. 1977. United states of American. -Tipping, L. (1927). A higher English grammar. Machillan Co : London. -Tregidgo, P. S. (1974). English Tense Usage: A Bull’s-Eye View. ELT, 28, 97-107. -WWW. Vegasociety. Com/Arabicpast-Future Html Research methodology : Theoretical methods. Outline I. INTRODUTION . A . What is grammar . B. why to study grammar. II. Tense and aspect in English . 1- Verb phrase in English . 2-defination and examples tense and aspect in English . 3- types and examples tense and aspect in English. III. Tense and aspect in Arabic 1- Verb phrase in Arabic. 2-Definition and examples tense and aspect in Arabic . 3-Types and examples tense and aspect in Arabic . IV. A. Conclusion . B. references. Dedication Personally, I’d like to thank all those who have helped with their advice and efforts †¦ I’d like also to thank all the English staff, especially my instructor, Dr. Salhah Al . Qarni . for her valuable advice. For my parents, friends and everyone, I dedicate my research. 1. Introduction 1. 1 What is Grammar? Grammar is the system of a language. People sometimes describe grammar as the â€Å"rules† of a language; but in fact no language has rules. If we use the word â€Å"rules†, we suggest that somebody created the rules first and then spoke the language, like a new game. But languages did not start like that. Languages started by people making sounds which evolved into words, phrases and sentences. No commonly-spoken language is fixed. All languages change over time . What we call â€Å"grammar† is simply a reflection of a language at a particular time. we don’t need to study grammar became many people in the world speak their own, native language without having studied its grammar. Children as well start to speak before they even know the word â€Å"grammar† . grammar can be thought of as something that can help you, like a friend. When you understand the grammar (or system) of a language, you can understand many things yourself, without having to ask a teacher or look in a book . 1. 2 Why study grammar? If we learn our native language in the toddler years, then what’s the point of learning about parts of speech and grammar in general? The answer to this question is simple . Firstly, it can help us in writing if we know how our language is correctly used. Conversation tends to be casual, but when we write letters, or job applications, or articles, it’s important to know correct grammar if we are not to appear ignorant . Secondly, if you learn a foreign language when you’re a teenager or adult, the grammar is likely to work differently. If you learn as a small child, you will understand this intuitively, as with a first language. But by the time we get to eight or nine, our brains have become somewhat hard-wired as far as language goes, and it’s much more difficult to learn a new one. So it becomes important to see how the grammatical structure works – and unless we understand English grammar first, that’s almost impossible. Thirdly, it’s interesting to study grammar . 2. The Verb phrase in English : In linguistics, a verb phrase or VP is a syntactic structure composed of the predicative elements of a sentence and its function is to provide information about the subject of the sentence. stageberg1977 ) As with all phrases, a verb phrase consists of more than one word. In English, most verb phrases are phrasal verbs. Phrasal verbs consist of a verb plus one or two particles (a verb or adverb) which combine to form a meaning greater than the two words individually. They are divided into adverbial verbs (He is looking up’) where the meanings are always literal and the expressio n could be replaced with the simple verb (to look) without losing any real meaning; prepositional verbs (he is picking on his friend) where there must always be an object and the particle cannot be separated from the verb (i. . *he is always picking him on, is not grammatically correct); true phrasal verbs (he is going out tonight with his friends) which may or may not have an object and where the object may go intbetween or after the preposition though object pronouns can only go before the pronoun) and prepositional phrasal verbs (I hope he doesn’t run out of gas before he gets here) where the three elements cannot be separated and there is always an object. Most phrasal verbs are idiomatic . ( stageberg1977 ) Other verb phrases are phrases which do not behave like phrasal erbs and they Can consist of much more that two or three elements. Any verbal phrase is where the combined words take on a greater meaning than the implied significance of each individual word (idiomatic) , though all elements behave as one verb would in a sentence. My friend’s work is â€Å"crossing the line†. While crossing a line may have a literal sense in some contexts, such as an athlete crossing a line to win a race, in other contexts, â€Å"crossing the line† signifies â€Å"to do something which most people would not consider proper†. As with most such verbal phrases their meanings are almost always idiomatic. In English as in other languages, verbal phrases can be colloquial and regional. Other examples of such verbal phrases (non phrasal verbs) are: * You are driving me bananas. * He always takes the high road. * Your friend is going to get whats coming to him. * It was shattered to pieces. Most such verbal phrases are the combination of a verb plus adverbial phrase, though not always. The Verb phrase in English also shows consist of tense and aspect . 3. Tense and Aspect 3. 1 definitions : In English, verbs have different forms to indicate continuousness, completeness, and time. Time can be expressed by tense whether present, past or future. On the other hand, continuousness can be expressed by the progressive aspect of the verb whereas completeness can be expressed by the perfective aspect of the verb. Tipping (1927) points out that the word tense is derived from the Latin word tempus which means time. The word tense is used in grammar books to indicate certain â€Å"inflections† of the verb (125). According to Tregidgo tense refers to the â€Å"correspondence† between the form of the verb and time. Aspect is related to ‘the manner’ in which the verb is considered â€Å"complete† or â€Å"in progress. (130) According to his, English has two simple tenses: the present and the past, and two â€Å"marked† aspects: the progressive and the perfective (305, 306). Pullum define tense as † a system where the basic or characteristic meaning of the terms is to locate the situation, or part of it, at some point or period of time. † On the other hand, he define aspect as † a system where the basic meanings have to do with the internal temporal constituency of the situation. † In fact, the features of tense and aspect are interrelated. Sometimes, we cannot separate the present and past tenses from the progressive and perfective aspects. As we have noticed, many grammarians exclude the future from their analysis of tense because it is usually indicated by the modals shall and will. Palmer indicates that the present and past are † comparable within the analysis, in that they exemplify the formal category of tense as established in the primary pattern† (36). However, the forms I shall and I will belong to â€Å"the secondary patterns. † . 3. 2 makers of tense and aspect : There are two tenses in English: past and present. There is no obvious future tense corresponding to the time/tense relation for  Ã‚  present and past. The future is  denoted y  means of modal auxiliaries as in (a), by simple present forms as in (b) or  Ã‚  progressive forms as in (c) and (d): a. I  will  go  to  school. (madal  auxiliary) b. He  leaves  for  London  tomorrow . (simple  present  ) c. c. It  is  going  to  rain. d. d. The  train  is  leaving  tonight. English has the foll owing aspects: progressive, and pefective. Aspect is shown by the use of suffixes { -ing} and { -ed} and/or  auxiliary words be and have as in: a. are  running. b. has  played. English tense and aspect are summarized below. 3. 2 . 1The Present In the Simple Present, only the third person singular is marked for tense by the  suffix – S3}, e. g. :  I play, we play,  you play,  they  play, he plays, she plays, it plays. The morpheme { -S3} has the same allomorphs in the same distribution as the plural suffix { -S1} and  possessive suffix -{S2} of the noun. (Tregidgo 1974) /-s/, /-z/, /-iz/,as in sleeps,  brushes, changes, raises. The majority of modal auxiliaries are said to have tense. The auxiliaries Can ,may, shall, will , must  are used  in the  present tense. They precede the main verb and give it special shades of meaning like futurity, volition,  possibility, probability, permission, and necessity. The auxiliaries can, may, shall, will ,and must   are not inflected for tense, e. g. I can, we can; you can; they can, he can, she can, it can. The three quasi auxiliaries be, do, have often function as auxiliaries. The  present  form  of   Have and do are only inflected for  third person singular nouns, and words for which the third person singular pronouns will substitute and word groups. I have, we have,  you have, they have, he has, she has, it has; I do, we do, you do, they do, he  does, she does,  it does. Be has three suppletive forms in the  present tense as follows: I am, we are, you are, they are ,he is, she is, it is. Quasi auxiliaries may precede the verb stem, the present  participle, and the past participle, e. g. I do insist; They are playing;  He has eaten. The quasi auxiliary do is used in questions, negative sentences, and emphatic affirmations. Do you know the  answer? She didn’t do it. I did see him. 3. 2. 2 The Past The Simple Past form takes on two forms: regular and irregular. The regular form ends  with the suffix { -ed}  as in  played, walked, closed. The past  tense suffix  -ed is pronounced [t]  after a voiceless consonant as in stopped, possessed, marked; it s  pronounced [d] after a voiced consonant as in believed, closed,  played, and it is pronounced 4676 after another /t/, /d/ as in started, landed. The irregular past tense  takes on numerous forms:  some verb sremain the same, some form their past by a suppletive form, somere place their entire stem by a wholly different stem as in go, wen t, e. g. , went, ran, taught, wrote, smelt, took, made, said,  left, sent, spoke, met, drew, began, set. The past tense form of the verb is not inflected(marked) for the  first, second or third  person nouns or pronouns. (Tregidgo 1974) The past tense form of the modal auxiliaries can, may, shall, will, must are could, might, should, would, ought. Must  and ought (to) do not have  parallel forms, like the others. To express  the past tense of  must  , in the the sense of necessity, one says had to, e. g. : You ought to take the medicine. You ought to /should have  taken the medicine. The past tense form of the quasi auxiliaries be, do and have are: had; was, were; did  . These  past forms  may precede the  verb stem , the present participle, and the past Participle . The quasi auxiliary Do is used in questions, negative sentences, and emphatic ffirmations. Did you know the  answer ? She didn’t do it. I did see him. These past tense forms are not marked in accordance with the subject. 3. 2. 3 The Progressive The present and past progressive consist of   be + present   participle   the   {ing}   form . Seven   suppletive   forms   of be – am, is, are, was , were, be , been are used as the first member of the verb phrases. e. only the first member of the verbal phrase is inflected in accordance with the subject. The second member being does not change . the present participle suffix { -ing} does not change as well. When auxiliaries are employed in groups of two or three, the following obligatory sequence is followed: be + present participle. 3. 2. 4 perpective The past and the present perfect consist of   Have+ past  participle. The past participle is the { -ed} form of the verb. Three forms of have -have, has, had- serve as the first member of the verb  phrase. The first member  has changes  in accordance with  the subject; the second member which consists of the past participle of the main verb does not. When auxiliaries are used in groups of two or three, the following obligatory sequence is ollowed : have + past participle. ————— 4. The verb phrase in Arabic Learning the  Arabic Verbs  is very important, because their structure is used in every day conversation. The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language . But first we need to know what’s the role of verbs in the structure of the grammar in Arabic . Arabic verbs are words that convey action (bring, read, walk, run), or a state of being (exist, stand). In most languages a verb may agree with the person, gender, and/or number of some of its arguments, such as its subject, or object Arabic to has only 2 times, the perfect and the imperfect, but there is a difference, in the west people look at the points in time in where an action takes place, the Arabs however look at the aspect of a verb meaning they ask: Is the action finished or not (They don’t ask themselves when did it finish or not). Of course a finished action corresponds with the past as does a unfinished action with the present, but not necessarily so. Here are some examples: English Verbs| Arabic Verbs| Verbs | – alaaf’aal| Past| – almaatheee| I spoke| – tahadatht| Arabic verb conjugation is a bit complex, although very regular the so called semivowels alif, waw and ya and the glottal stop hamza cause irregularity in Arabic verb conjugation . The simplest Arabic verb consists out of three consonants like KaTaBa meaning hewrote or he has written. The past tense is conjugated by suffixes, the present tense by prefixes. The Arabs use the verb fa3ala (to do) to represent all possible forms a verb may have. The problem lies in the fact that any of those root consonants might be an hamza, the glottal stop or an alif, a waw or a ya, the so called semi-consonants. They might be retained or disappear according to certain rules. Arabic verbs have ten (even more) forms. To give you an example,third rule allama means to know, The second form allama with the second consonant doubled means to let know meaning to teach, the fifth form ta3allama means to let your self know meaning to study! The tenth form istaf3ala means in general to think to act out an action described by the verb, so istahhasana to think to be beatifull from hhasana to be beautiful . (Abdullah ) List of Verbs in Arabic Below is a list of the conjugated verbs in the present , past and future in Arabic placed in table. English Verbs| Arabic Verbs| I can accept that| /iomkin an aqbalah| she added it| /waadaafat anah| we admit it| /nahn na’tarif bithalik| they advised him| /waashaarowa ‘alaih| he will go / sawfa yathhabu Verbs in the present past and future tense have a very important role in Arabic, therefore they need very special attention. 5. Tense and aspect in Arabic : . 1 Verb conjugation : In Arabic verbs take their infinitive form by using the past form of that verb and conjugate it to the third person singular â€Å"he†, to make it simple here is an example: to draw = rasama = (he drew), to write = kataba (he wrote) = . daraba (to hit)†¦ Most verbs in Arabic have a three letters root or stem, there are also verbs containing more than three letters in their root (stem) but we will start with verbs consisting of a three consonant stem, also called trilater al verbs, since the trilateral verbs (containing three consonant ) are the most common. In Arabic we use a â€Å"masdar† â€Å"source† to show how a verb is conjugated and what forms it takes, normally for a three letters verb we use: fa’ala = = to do (literally in Arabic it means â€Å"he did†), This verb is used as an example or model to help us know how to conjugate other verbs having the same characteristics. We take for instance the verb: to draw = rasama = as you can see it in Arabic it has only three consonant (R ? , S ? , M ? ), this verb sounds exactly like our model verbs (fa’ala when it comes to its vowels, and that’s all we care about, ignore the similarity or difference in the consonants, what matters is the similarity in the vowels and the number of letters, because you will replace the consonant in our examples and put your own there, to make it more simple we will take a random word phonetically similar to our verb â€Å"fa’ala† â€Å"lalala† sounds like â€Å"rasama† if you compare its vowels and the number of consonants, other examples are: dahaba (to go), haraba (to run away), kataba (to write), nasaha (to advise), daraba to hit), in fact most Arabic verbs are formed this way. They all seem to have the same tune. Now to form the present tense with this kind of verbs, we first take our stem from the verb, in other words, extract all vowels from the verb, for example the verb to draw = rasama, once weextract all vowels we will end up having â€Å"rsm† , now this stem is ready to be modeled. Look at the table below: 5. 2 Arabic Present tense: To form the present tense in Arabic you need to extract the stem from the verb in the infinitive first, for example: To draw = rasama Stem is rsm, now let’s look at the table below to see how this verb is conjugated in this tense: ———————————– Present Tense in Arabic| Singular| Dual| Plural| I draw = arsumu you draw (si ngular masculine) = tarsumuyou draw (singular feminine) = tarsumeenahe draws = yarsumushe draws = tarsumu| you draw (dual male or female) = tarsumanithey draw (dual male or female) = yarsumani| we draw = narsumuyou draw (plural masculine) = tarsumunayour draw (plural feminine) = tarsumnathey draw (plural masculine) = yarsumunathey draw (plural feminine) = yarsumna| Each form of the verb rasama above contains: Blue font (that’s what you need to keep, the blue font shouldn’t be modified or removed from verb, it stays the same) Red font (that’s what you need to delete and add your own consonant of the verb you chose to conjugate: kataba ? ktb, haraba ? hrb†¦) Green font (you can keep that one too, but not all the time, sometimes it becomes â€Å"a† or â€Å"i† instead of â€Å"u† depending on the verb) We noticed that the â€Å"rs† of the stem â€Å"rsm† are always together, that’s the case with all trilateral verbs (verbs with three consonants, which are the most frequently used verbs in Arabic) he first and second consonant go together, so you can use this table with other verbs as well by replacing the letters in red (the stem we used before) and put your own verb stem instead. The vowel in green may change to â€Å"a† or â€Å"i† depending on the verb, like for example for the verb nasaha (to advise) instea d of using the â€Å"u† in green we have to change it to â€Å"a† I advise = ansahu, you advise = tansahu†¦(and not ansuhu .. tansuhu) and so on†¦ (Note that the stem here is â€Å"n. s. h† as we mentioned earlier), for the verb daraba (to hit) we use â€Å"i† instead, I hit = adribu, he hits = yadribu. and not adrubu)†¦ In case you think that this is too complicated, I will tell you that it’s not something unusual, and if you’re a native or learned Spanish, French, German or even English before, you will notice that the vowel in the middle of some verbs sometimes don’t really follow the rule . English: simply take the verb â€Å"to go† I go, you go, he gos? Of course not, the right form is he goes as you know. All these examples are not considered irregularities but semi irregularities, which means that they’re modified only for phonetic and synthetic reasons). If you don’t know how to extract the stem from a verb (even though it’s very easy) we will go through it now: by omitting all vowels from these verbs we will have: dhb = dahaba (to go), hrb = haraba (to run away), ktb = kataba (to write), nsh = nasaha (to advise), drb = daraba (to hit). Easy! The second person singular masculine â€Å"you† is conjugated the same way the third person singular feminine â€Å"she† does. Tarsumu = you draw (singular masculine) and also means she draws. 5. 3 The past Tense in Arabic: To form the past tense in Arabic you need to extract the stem from the verb in the infinitive first, for example: To write = kataba ? stem is ktb, now let’s look at the table below to see how this verb is Conjugated in this tense: (vegasociety. com/arabicpast-futurehtml) Past Tense in Arabic| Singular| Dual| Plural| I wrote = katabtuyou wrote (singular masculine) = katabtayou wrote (singular feminine) = katabtihe wrote = katabashe wrote = katabat| you wrote (dual male or female) = katabtumaathey wrote (dual male or female) = katabaa| we wrote = katabnayou wrote (plural masculine) = katabtumyour wrote (plural feminine) = katabtunnathey wrote (plural masculine) = katabouthey wrote (plural feminine) = katabna| This is very easy and simple! You can put almost all trilateral Arabic verbs in this table. First take the verb you want to conjugate, extract all its 3 consonants, put them in place of the 3 red consonant on the table above. As you may have noticed, look at how the three consonants are spread in the word katabtu, consonant+ vowel+ consonant+ vowel+ consonant†¦ I will make the same note I made before in the present tense, you will have to change the vowel n the green font into â€Å"i†, the only difference this time is that you won’t have to do it that often as the case with the present tense, because the â€Å"a† is more used. Do you remember the two verbs (to advise = nasaha, and to hit = daraba) that we conjugated differently in the present tense, in the past tense they can be conjugated the same way as rasama kataba , like I said before many verbs will follow the general rules of the table above when it comes to the past tense unlike the present tense. To conjugate your own trilateral verb into the past tense go to the table and have your verb stem ready (don’t tell me you forgot how to make a stem from a trilateral verb)It should contain three consonant and no vowels, if you want to conjugate it in the paste tense then replace the first consonant on the table above in red â€Å"k† with the first consonant of the stem you have of your own verb, then replace â€Å"t† with the second consonant you have, finally replace â€Å"b† with the last consonant you have, and that’s it! Example: I wrote = katabtu , if you want to use â€Å"I went† (1 step is to find the verb to go in the Arabic infinitive: the verb is dahaba = to go, 2: the stem is dhb, 3: omit the (k, t, b) stem in the table above and put yours, you will easily get ? dahabtu!! ) Note: in case you’re confused whether to replace the â€Å"a† in the green font with â€Å"i† or not, I would just tell you that if you’re a beginner just leave the â€Å"a†, because â€Å"a† is the most common, but I would also suggest to read more about the forms that most of verbs take so that you will easily decide whether to put â€Å"a† or â€Å"i† when conjugating verbs into the past tense in Arabic. . 4 Future Tense in Arabic: To form the Arabic future tense simply use: sa or sawfa + (the verb in present tense). Examples: sa aktubu (I will write), sa adhabu (I will go), or if you want to use sawfa: sawfa aktubu (I will go), sawfa adhabu (I will go). Isnà ¢â‚¬â„¢t that a piece of cake! There is no difference between sa and sawfa, to make it easy you can choose to use sa most of the time so that you won’t get confused. conclusion: At the end of this clarifying research paper, I can conclude that the tense and aspect in English and Arabic is different and similar in something . It is very important to notice differences between two language . Other conclusions are the following: -the research gives the students a brief glimpse of the theory and practice . -to explain the mistakes that most people felt in it ,a particular in tense and aspect and generally in much grammar. In the research try to solve some common mistakes. -to study the difference structure in English and Arabic. the problem in a grammar make a problem in pronunciation and spelling so we need to treatment this point. References -Abdullah ,a . Breaking The Arabic Code (verbs). The middle east . Palmwe, F . Apelican Original Grammer . 1971 . England . -Stageberg , n . An Introduction English Grammar. 1977. United states of American. -Tipping, L. (1927). A higher English grammar. Machillan Co : London. -Tregidgo, P. S. (1974). English Tense Usage: A Bull’s-Eye View. ELT, 28, 97-107. -WWW. Vegasociety. Com/Arabicpast-Future Html How to cite Tense and Aspect in English and Arabic, Essay examples

Small and Medium Enterprise Business †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Small and Medium Enterprise Business. Answer: Introduction: The case analysis has an intention to explain present private status charge of Kit as per the "IT administering 2650 under ITAA 1997" related instalments. This law explained, income from an Australian resident must be assembled, if the person stayed for over 183 days in the country. Kit has been working in an Australian firm, which urges him to travel remote countries. Kit is an Australian inhabitant, in spite of the fact that his origin is Chile. The Australian government is developing a fit framework, which would limit the twofold duty instalments for the occupants through exercise of stringent control on the approach of tax collection. For conforming to the Australian directions, the salaries produced inside the country are required to be saddled. Moreover, the specialist of Australia has specified that the assessment instalments of the Australian inhabitants are made by the guidelines laid out in the Australian tax collection framework. In any case, any kind of duty will not be paid by the non-inhabitants of Australia, along with ensuring insignificant fancied criteria is not addressed. Kit is utilized in an Australian firm according to the contextual analysis, because of which he lives in the nation with his better half and kids. Henceforth, the private status of Kit for assurance of expense risk can be found out. Additionally, because of Chilean citizenship Kit is constrained to pay in his nation of origin that might put forth twofold assessment instalments. Due to the same and for recognizing the real status of Kit, Australian expert develops proficient private test. The test has been brought out through the ac companying three stages: As per the strategy for the Australian expert, the individual status could be related to the assistance of this test. As indicated by the "Residence Act 1982", to recognize and help the exact private status of a person, this test is used. Consequently, to assess the people's private status help can be gained from this demonstration that empowers to discover their living arrangement. Likewise, "Segment 6 of the Taxation Ruling 2650" delineates that the people are constrained to make impose instalments those desire Australian citizenship (Brauner and Baez Moreno 2015). An individual has the privilege in picking his preferred habitation nation, as explained by case, "Henderson v Anderson 1965". Trial of home along with the assessment of "Area 6(1) of ITAA 1936" can help in giving a review regarding Kits private status. Kit has a house in Australia where he lives with his better half and youngsters. Moreover, the person has been working in an Australian association because of his stay within country. In this way, Australia could be recognized as the home nation as explained by Kit. In this way, it could be delineated that for convincing them towards the tax collection principles of the country, this test distinguishes an Australian occupant. As indicated by this test, the individual is regarded as an Australian occupant, if a man remains in Australia more than 183 days. By surveying the case, it has been recognized that Kit has remained in Australia for over 183 days; then he is required to visit Indonesia for occupation purposes. The people are called Australian residents, as per "F .C. of T. v. Applegate (79 ATC 4307; (1979) 9 ATR 899", in the event that they have remained in the country for several years. Kit is an Australian subject as per the test and as per the predominant laws of the country this urges him to pay charges (Brauner and Pistone 2015). Income impose appraisal: The truth need is important to the private conditions, as indicated by this test, the. The compensation record of Kit is in Westpac, which is an Australian bank as explained by the case and Kit works in an Australian association also. The financial balance of Westpac has been utilized to pay the compensation of Kit; notwithstanding, the instalment has been made as far as AUD. Within Chilean market, the exposures of securities exchange are completed and this is required for getting analysed under the Australian laws (Cao et al. 2015). It is vital for Kit to hold fast to the tax assessment controls of the country the exposures of securities exchange are completed, for being an Australian national. In such manner, in order to charge the pay salary impose act has been framed and created inside Australia. Alongside this, the share advertises salary must be burdened too to hold fast as per Australian to the tax collection arrangement. "Californian Copper Syndicate Limited" explained that he has sold his property that has already been utilized for mineral investigation. As per the underlying explanation of the association, there is nonattendance of duty transport, since store receipts from offer of the mineral-made property are on the grounds that out of the general asset use (Dixon and Nassios 2016). Moreover, net salary has been figured out from the offer of such property. As per the court decision properties and enactments of the country, discretionary cash flow expense is material to every one of those pay gotten from offering. The subdivided business arrives, as per the case which is esteemed as an assessable sum for tax collection and sold independently. As per the countrys tax assessment law, resources sold for satisfying the wage needs under the capital increases area would be burdened. Certain acknowledgment that is required to be saddled is to be regarded under the capital additions segment (Forsyth et al. 2014). Then again, the court went against the Scottish Australia mining association, which meant that as the acknowledgment of capital resource, any business movement at the season of land deal is declared. Any kind of acknowledgment where there is subdivision of property might not be regarded under the Australian tax assessment law as explained by the case. Moreover, the subdivided resource has been sold on particular events as explained, which would be exempt from tax. In any case, subdivided resource deal would be burdened as per delineation of the court, which explained that; from the exchanges the net wage is accumulated (James, Sawyer and Wallschutzky 2015). The salary relating to subdivided resource in such circumstances has to be collected from the profit to recognize the general pick up. The pay amassed from resource is the assessable sum as per the area 25(1) that ensures paying little consideration to its temperament. Statham and Anor v FC of T 89 ATC 4070: From the above case, the land has been purchased for business utilization and it has been distinguished that; in any case, the goal was not satisfied because of a few reasons. The land has been unutilised for business and because of unanticipated conditions it has been sold. As per "Area 25(1) or 26(a)" and the case, independent of its utilization an exchange led through offer of property is not at risk for tax collection (Lang 2014). Moreover, the sum which should be esteemed as per the Australian tax collection law was capital pick up. The pay gathered from the offer of property is totally assessable; and the capital pick up for the organization should be given paying little respect to its use. This situation was based on an agriculturist acquiring low wages and this has constrained him for offering his property in bits. The property deal has brought about income, which is not assessable. Such circumstance has made the rancher arrange off his advantage for adapting people to such low salary. In any case, the court has given a decision that for the rancher expense installment is material since property deal has brought about net wage. With the assistance of capital pick up the expense could be procured (Lignier, Evans and Tran-Nam 2014). The decision of the government states that to keep away from assessment pay through significant assets the deceptive measures of the people could be decreased. The association does not have any thought process in making benefit from speculation as per the case. Notwithstanding, the association was compelled to offer the land on account of specific conditions prompting net pick up. With uncommon adherence to "FC of T v The Emporium Ltd 87 ATC 4363", impose installment is appropriate for the general net wage, which is gathered from property deal (Marian 2014). Moreover, assessment is to be forced on the propert that is sold from offering any benefit as indicated by the "areas 25(1) or 26(a)". Besides, the exchange or deal is not purposeful for making benefit as per the court decision. Thus, under capital pick up fragment any benefit gotten from the exchanges is assessable. Crow v FC of T 88 ATC 4620: Through subdivision of different parts, agriculturist's property action has been indicated for this situation. A methodical technique for subdivision of the general land has been utilized by an agriculturist into various parts to be sold with effortlessness. Additionally, tax collection is connected for any offer of property inside the country as per the court proclamation, under the segment identified with capital pick up (Mishra 2014). In any case, if there is any capital misfortune, tax collection couldn't be connected. To keep the untrustworthy people the court uses this strategy for making higher livelihoods in organizations. A local location has been bought with respect to two siblings and they wanted to offer the same for the era of capital pick up, as per the given case. In addition, the siblings are compelled to live with their family, which has counteracted them to offer their private plot. Following year and a half, because of offering of the property net pick up has been acknowledged that is liable to capital pick up (Lignier, Evans and Tran-Nam 2014). Since the siblings have not made assessment instalments from land deal in troublesome circumstances, this issue has occurred. Any wage produced from land is assessable, as the offer of land has prompt net increase falling under the tax assessment principles of Australia. Moreover, the court has contradicted that the land has been utilized for business reason. References: Brauner, Y. and Baez Moreno, A., 2015. Withholding Taxes in the Service of BEPS Action 1: Address the Tax Challenges of the Digital Economy. Brauner, Y. and Pistone, P., 2015. BRICS and the Emergence of International Tax Coordination. Cao, L., Hosking, A., Kouparitsas, M., Mullaly, D., Rimmer, X., Shi, Q., Stark, W. and Wende, S., 2015. Understanding the economy-wide efficiency and incidence of major Australian taxes.Treasury WP,1. Dixon, J. M., and Nassios, J., 2016. Modelling the impacts of a cut to company tax in Australia.Victoria University Centre of Policy Studies Working Paper. Forsyth, P., Dwyer, L., Spurr, R. and Pham, T., 2014. The impacts of Australia's departure tax: Tourism versus the economy?.Tourism Management,40, pp.126-136. James, S., Sawyer, A. and Wallschutzky, I., 2015. Tax simplification: A review of initiatives in Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom.eJournal of Tax Research,13(1), p.280. Lang, M., 2014.Introduction to the law of double taxation conventions. Linde Verlag GmbH. Lignier, P., Evans, C. and Tran-Nam, B., 2014. Tangled up in tape: The continuing tax compliance plight of the small and medium enterprise business sector. Marian, O.Y., 2014. The Function of Corporate Tax-Residence in Territorial Systems. McKerchar, M., Bloomquist, K. and Pope, J., 2013. Indicators of tax morale: an exploratory study.eJournal of Tax Research,11(1), p.5. Mishra, A. V., 2014. Australia's home bias and cross border taxation.Global Finance Journal,25(2), 108-123. Pickhardt, M. and Prinz, A., 2014. Behavioral dynamics of tax evasionA survey.Journal of Economic Psychology,40, pp.1-19. Richardson, G., Taylor, G. and Lanis, R., 2013. The impact of board of director oversight characteristics on corporate tax aggressiveness: An empirical analysis.Journal of Accounting and Public Policy,32(3), pp.68-88. Saad, N., 2014. Tax knowledge, tax complexity and tax compliance: Taxpayers view.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,109, pp.1069-1075. Schenk, A., Thuronyi, V. and Cui, W., 2015.Value Added Tax. Cambridge University Press. Tran?Nam, B. and Evans, C., 2014. Towards the development of a tax system complexity index.Fiscal Studies,35(3), pp.341-370.